英訳　幕末の志士たち　―　Bushido　―

A Character of Yoshida

The Japanese military threw Yoshida into jail at once. In the prison, Yoshida said a guard of soldier, ” Must soldiers like you have to be imprisoned and I should have a right to walk free anywhere I’d liked to. !! )
Both of Yoshida and Shirasu were a man of unweaving his convince. Therefore, Yoshida was charmed by Shirasu’s personality.

吉田茂の人物像

吉田茂は反戦運動により一度軍に投獄されている。牢獄の中で吉田は看守の兵士に叫ぶのである。「本来なら俺が外に出ていて、お前たちが投獄されるべきなんだ。」

Shigeru Yoshida who was a good friend of Kabayama family had met Shirasu before the Pacific war. Kabayama family was Shirasu’s wife of Masako’s family. Shigeru Yoshida was a diplomat who fiercely opposed the alliance formed between Japan and Germany; he also gave importance to the relations between USA and Britain.
Yoshida made a great effort to avoid a war against USA. Shirasu was very impressed that Yoshida stayed strong with his principles even during military oppression and he never thought about his personal protection and safety.
Both of Yoshida and Shirasu were a man of unweaving his convince. Therefore, Yoshida was charmed by Shirasu’s personality. Despite of More than 20 years between them, they were sworn friends. They were sworn friends beyond difference in age by more than twenty years. Difference in age by more than twenty years couldn’t disrupt their sworn-friendship.


敗戦後、次郎は吉田茂に抜擢をされる。次郎が政治の世界に興味を持つきっかけとなったのは、近衛文麿の側近団の一人となったことである。中学時代の同級生である牛場に声をかけられたのだ。吉田とは戦前に出会っている。吉田は妻正子の実家、樺山家と親しかったため、次郎は戦前より交流があった。吉田茂は戦前は外交官。ヒットラー率いる独との軍事同盟に猛反対し、対米戦争開戦阻止のためにも動いた。吉田茂は軍部にすら楯突く一徹な男であった。白洲は保身を考えず、自分の信念を貫く吉田の姿勢に感銘を覚えた。吉田もまた、次郎の気質に惚れ込んだ。2周りほども離れた年齢ではあったが、二人は盟友であった。


参考文献　[白洲次郎 占領を背負った男 ] 北 康利

Shirasu’s father encountered his Business bankruptcy. That made Shirasu end study in British and come back Japan. Shirasu first started work at a newspaper company in Tokyo, next became a trading company employee who went around the world. However, after starting Pacific war, he immediately equipped the trading company and moved country side from center of Tokyo to be famer, because he anticipated Japan’s lost the war, the Tokyo Air Raid on Tokyo and lacked in provisions(a heavy food shortage) while most of other public praised that Japanese military won many victories at first. As disgraced family, Shirasu family was looked down, however, their safety life with prescience(foresight) made others around them in Tokyo so jealous, after the Great Tokyo Air Raid.


次郎は父親の会社、白洲商店が倒産したため、急きょ留学を打ち切り帰国をした。彼は新聞社に入社した後、貿易会社に就職をして世界を飛び回った。しかし、太平洋戦争が勃発すると、日本の敗戦を予期し会社を辞めている。彼は食糧難を見越して東京郊外に家を移し、農家となるのである。最初のうちは腰抜けと周囲から揶揄されていた次郎であったが、東京空襲が始まると、逆に先見性の明を羨まれるようになるのである。

参考文献　[白洲次郎 占領を背負った男 ] 北 康利

Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤 諭吉, January 10, 1834 – February 3, 1901) was is regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan. He is also writer, teacher, translator, entrepreneur and political theorist who is very famous a thinker who founded Keio University.
His ideas about government and social institutions made effect　strongly on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji Era. His books, Encouragement of Learning　referred　to　Gakumonnosusume　 had a unprecedented circulation of unprecedented copies ※１and a lot of his books became bestsellers.

※１Encouragement of Learning had a circulation of more than 3 million; one in every ten of Japanese at that time read the book.
　　He insisted on money-making and social success is established by learning, “study heard, you will get social success. Unlearned
person becomes a poor and a servant” “ if enlightenment persons increase in the country, the country will be mature and
prosperous.

福沢諭吉は近代日本建設に重要な役割を果たした人物である。思想家であった諭吉は、慶応義塾の創始者として有名であるが、作家・教育家・翻訳者・実業家そして政治ジャーナリストと多方面にわたって明治期の急速な近代化に大きな影響を与えた。彼の著書、『学問のすゝめ』は、最終的には300万部以上売れたとされ、当時の日本の人口が3000万人程であったから実に10人に1人が読んだことになる。現在のような大規模な流通販路の確保や広告宣伝が難しかった時代においては驚異的ベストセラーであったと言える。また彼の著書いずれも当時のベストセラーとなっている。
諭吉は『学問のすゝめ』の中で、「学問を勤めて物事をよく知るものは貴人となり富人となり、無学なる者は貧人となり下人となるのだ。」と述べ、向学の重要性を説いている。

参考文献　[白洲次郎 占領を背負った男 ] 北 康利

Shirasu's grandfather was a Confucian who served Sanada( 三田) , domain. The place where Sanda domain was in is Sanda city, neighboring Kobe city.
He was involved in a restructure of Sanda domain.As a key figure in the domain, he conducted financial restructure by promoting development industry. Yukichi Fukuzawa who had good friend ship with Taizo was appreciated Taizo's higher learning and extraordinary political abilities very much. Taizo learned the latest information of US and European countries which wasn't known in Japan in those days from Fukuzawa. Confucianism, conservative thinking, strongly　affected Shirasu family tradition, however, Western liberalism strongly affected too. Shirasu 's father,Bunpei, studied in Harvard University, after that, studied Bonn University in Germany. He founded a trading company, the Shiras shop. His trading company flourished, because of great a success in raw cotton market. During Shirasu studied in Britain, he sent Shirasu ten thousand yen as a monetary allowance. That is worth of thirty-million yen in today because starting salary for elementary school teacher was 45 yen in those days. Shirasu got two luxury cars, Bentley and Bugatti. Bentleys were imported only seven in Japan, however only cars sold were only three in the seven, because of too expensive price which is twenty time costs of a ford car. In today's sense, to possess a Bentley was such as to possess a private airplane. A car Shirasu got second was Bugatti called driving gem. This story was symbolic of Shirasu's father's success. Shirasu's father's was grate vigor, however, the company collapsed because of financial crisis of 1927.


次郎の祖父退蔵は三田藩に仕官をした儒学者であった。藩政の改革に携わり特産の三田米を生かした酒造業など新たな産業を起こすことで傾いた藩の財政を立て直しを図っている。福沢諭吉と交流があり、諭吉は退蔵の学識と反省改革を実現に政治手腕にぞっこんに惚れ込んでいた。退蔵もまた諭吉から欧米の最新情報を吸収していった。
白洲家の家風は、代々の儒学者の気質が強く影響しているが、それと同時に諭吉に吹き込まれた欧米流新自由主義思想の影響を強く受けてたものであった。次郎の父はハーバード大学に留学。ドイツのボン大学にも通っている。貿易会社「白洲商店」設立し、綿花相場で大成功をおさめている。次郎がイギリスに留学しているころ、一度に一万円ほども送金があったという。小学校教員の初任給が45円だったころである。現在の感覚でいえば3000万円ほどになったという。
次郎は、超高級車を二台所有している。一代目はベントレー。戦前日本にも7台輸入されたが、あまりに高くて3台しか売れなかったという。価格はフォード車の20倍であった。今で言えば、自家用ジェット機を所有しているとういう感覚であった。二台目はブガッティ。最高傑作といわれるタイプ35であり、走る宝石と言われた車であった。父文平の成功ぶりを象徴するエピソードである。しかしながら、飛ぶ鳥を落とす勢いの文平であったが、金融恐慌（1927年）の影響を受け、「白洲商店」は倒産をしている。

参考文献　[白洲次郎 占領を背負った男 ] 北 康利

Shirasu had exchanges with nobility class people in his college life. He attained the traditional British sense of beauty from them. The routes of the traditional British sense relate to chivalry. Shirasu's ideals and principles were based on Bushido ※１ and chivalry. Shirasu's grandfather was a famous Confucianism scholar and the chief adviser of the Sanda※2domain.
One day, Shirasu said his daughter,” No woman who was born in Samurai family cries or complains front of people .”
Shirasu's grandfather was a Confucianism scholar who serve high class retire servant.


※１Bushido　= Japanese chivalry
※２Sanda domain’s area is Sanda city close by Kobe now

貴族階級と交流をし、英国紳士伝統の美意識を身につけた。その美意識は騎士道につながる。白洲の祖父は家老であった。白洲の精神的支柱には騎士道と武士道が影響していた。次郎は娘の桂子を諭すときにこう言っている。「武士の娘は人前で泣いたり、喚いたりするものではない。」武家の出である家系に育った素地が英国の騎士道と共鳴をし、次郎の人格を形成していったのであろう。


参考文献　北康利　「白洲次郎 占領を背負った男」

One day, he expected to get a good score in physics after finishing his test. On the contrary, his grade was not good and the Professor added a comment on the paper, “ Your answer didn’t include your opinion.” Shirasu was very much impressed. That comment was the same as the opinion Shirasu had in Japan. Shirasu described this feeling like being free in the next test and he got a high score. Shirasu hardly proved his worth in a school in Japan.


ケンブリッジ在学時、物理の試験があった日のこと。白洲は自分の出来に満足をし、結果を待ちわびていた。結果は期待に反して低いものだった。そこで彼は“ハッ”とするのである。返却答案にはこうあったのだ。「あなたの回答には自分の意見がない。」白洲は感激するのである。それは彼が日本の学校で学んでいたとき、いつも疑問に思っていたことと全く同じだったのである。白洲は次のテストで自分の意見を存分に述べ、高得点をもらっている。

In those days, the Japanese education system was cramming knowledge into children’s heads. What they were only required to do in the first-class universities was to learn by rote. ※1 On education, Japanese teachers looked down upon student’s opinions, thinking spontaneously, asking themselves questions and creativity. But Shirasu doubted the accession system of student. All of the students were educated to keep rules in a group centered society that has the same ideal and aim same goal. Shirasu hated Japanese students figure was like folks of migrate bird flying in perfect order. He made this unremarkable achievement in Japan. Shirasu thought he was smarter more than the topnotchers in the class. The experience ※2 might bring him sense of objection and discover self.※3

※１
Japanese teacher emphasized students to learn everything from textbooks by note.

※２
He emphasized on one thing. He hated to do the same thing as other people.

※３The experience is his Japanese school life.


日本はいわゆる“つめこみ式の教育”だった。一流大学に入学するために要求されたもの。それは暗記力のみであった。渡り鳥の群れのように、みんなが一糸乱れず同じ方向に向かっていく様子が次郎には耐えられなかった。中学時代、次郎の成績はあまりよくない。しかしながら、本当は自分の方がガリ勉連中より頭がいいのだ。という思いを持っていた。この反発心・自我の萌芽が影響してか、次郎は他人と同じことであることに背を向け続けるのであった。

Shirasu had studied in Cambridge, Britain, had distinguished professor. One day, he expected to take a good score of physics after fishing the test. Unexpectedly, his grade was not good and Professor added comment on the paper, “ Your answer didn’t have your opinion ” Shirasu impressed very mush. That comment was same opinion which Shirasu had in Japan. Shirasu described his opinion with feeling free in the next and got high score. Shirasu hardly proved his worth in a school in Japan.


次郎は19歳の時にイギリスに留学をしている。選んだ大学はケンブリッジ。そこで彼は一流の教授陣に学ぶ。日本の学校で彼は自分の能力を持て余していた。それは日本において成績が優秀であることとは、教科書、先生の言ったことをテストでそのまま書き写すできる能力が高いということであったからだ。学生の意見つまり主体性・創造性が重んじられていなかったのである。

Every decision which Shirasu made lead to recovery and independence of Japan after the war. Shirasu was offered such situation to help every day. No one could replace him. Each political figure in the government along with the Occupation Forces knew that fact, including Shirasu.
A few could guess his struggle and distress. Shirasu couldn’t help feeling alone and that enormous strains were placed on him.


判断の一つ一つが日本の復興と独立を早めもすれば遅らせもする毎日が崖っぷちに足を踏み出すような緊張との戦いであった。孤独な重圧が次郎の上に覆いかぶさっていた。